NON-PROJECTED AIDS

 NON-PROJECTED    AIDS

        Non-projected  aids  can be  classified  (1Graphic  aids  (2)Display   boards  (3)Three  dimensional  aids, and (4)Audio  aids

1.    GRAPHIC   AIDS:

Graphic  aids  are visual aids  such as graphs ,diagrams, charts, etc…,and  are  represented  on plane  surface .Graphic  aids help to  present  data  systematic ally in an abridged form. Graphics  could   truly  be considered  as  the  short hand  language of  the  idea  conveyed  by  the  data  concerned. They secure  the attention  of  the  pupils  by systematic  presentation,  attractive  formal  and  simple  layout.  They  can  convey  the  message  by  a  combination  of  written  and  pictorial  visuals  that  could  be  made  meaningful  by  suitable  caption.  The principal categories of graphic   aids   are described   below.

v GRAPHS: The nature of the relation of two dependent variables could be very easily presented by graphical representation. Graphs could be interpreted and inferences drawn   easily.  Line graph, bar graph, pie graph, etc are different types of graphs.

v DIAGRAMS:  Diagrams  could  be  used  to  easily  explain  many   facts  at  the  same  time,  by  using  a  variety  of  symbols  and  labels.  Diagrams   can explain fact more vividly than charts.

v Posters:  Posters are bold and attractive representations of an idea concept and are usually given in color. Poster captures the eye and conveys the desired message.

v Maps:  A map is a acute representation of the boundaries and other details of the continents, countries, etc. on a plane surface, in the form of a diagram drawn to scale. A variety of geographical details like location of mountains and rivers, altitudes of places, contours of the earth surface, important cities and other places etc can be represented accurately with reference to a convenient scale & following a suitable color scheme.

v Cartoons:   A cartoon is a metaphorical, humorous & exaggerated caricature of a person or a situation, in the form of a picture or a sketch. By the humorous or satirical presentation, it attracts the attention of viewers.

v Comics: A comic strip is a form of cartoon depicting a story in sequence. The events are arranged in the proper order in an attractive pictorial form that is normally appealing to lower age groups.

v Flash cards:  Flash card is an aid liberally used in language lessons, especially in the lower classes. This facilitates immediate feedback of comprehension and skill in silent reading; hence, the name flash card.

v  Pictures & photographs:  Pictures & photographs play a significant role in making ideas clear & comprehensive.

v Charts:  A chart may be defined as a combination of graphic & pictorial media designed for the orderly & logically visualizing of relationship between key facts & ideas. The most used charts are flip charts, flow charts, display charts, tabular charts, tree charts & time chart.

2.    DISPLAY BOARD:

The stereotyped atmosphere of the traditional classroom, libraries & corridors of schools is recently giving way to attractive & educative surrounding with a wealth of display materials. Display may be categorized into three main types according to functions they perform, namely, motivational, developmental & summarizing.

TYPES OF DISPLAY BOARDS

v Blackboard: It is one of the simplest & oldest of visual aids. It is like a magnifying glass in the hands of teacher. Blackboard planning is precious skill to be developed by any teacher.

v Roll –up chalk board:  These are usually made of thick rexin cloth. The charts & pictures can be drawn on it well in advance and presented as & when required.

v Pegboard: Peg board can be used for compiling flat and even three dimensional materials, the latter being supported by specially made hooks and clips .displays can also be positioned at desired points by pegs.peg board are made of tempered amazonite having about ½cm holes punched in regular pattern of  2.5cms apart over the entire surface.

v Hook and loop board: These are intended to suspend heavy three-dimensional objects or flat materials. The surface of the board is made up of a special nylon fabric that consists of thousands of tiny but strong loops. An adhesive black patch is affixed to the object to be displayed.

v Flannel board: Flannel boards have a fiber surface to which similar materials will adhere. This can be prepared by stretching a suitable size of flannel cloth on a heavy cardboard. Only flat, light weight teaching materials can be used on flannel boards.

v Magnetic board: A magnetic display will be useful to show the relative movement of elements of a visual. A sheet of  iron together with a piece of magnet can be used for the magnetic board.

v Plastigraph board: Any smooth polished surface like a glass plate or rigid plastic sheet may serve as a plastigraph board.

v Bulletin board: As the name as indicates, it is aboard for exhibiting bulletins, new  items, announcements, and multifarious items of visual displays to be communicated to the students. It is an information-giving device.

v Marker board: this is a large sheet of white plastic board with a surface texture suitable for writing or drawing with felt- tip pens, marker or crayons. This can be used in a same way as chalk borders.

3.    THREE – DIMENSIONAL AIDS:

v Models: Models are concrete representations of objects, their size being adjusted to make it handy & conveniently observable. These are mostly three dimensional or sectional & can clearly exhibit the structure of functions of the original. Most often models prove to be more effective than the real ones.

v Objects: Objects may be defined as the real things collected from their natural settings.

v Specimen: A specimen may be defined as a typical object or a part of an object, which has been removed for convenient observation. It may a representative of class or group of similar objects.

v Mock-ups: When direct firsthand experience is either impractical or impossible, mock-ups can be used. A mock-up is an operating model usually of a process, designed to be worked out directly the learner foe specific training or analyses. Mock –up is an imitation of the real process.

v Diorama: A diorama is a three dimensional scene in depth, incorporating a group of model objects & figures in a natural settings. Diorama scene is set up on a small stage with a group of modeled objects that are kept on the foreground and blended into a painted realistic background. Diorama is very effective in the teaching of all subjects’ especially social & biological science.

v Puppets: Four thousands of year’s puppets have been used to stimulate reality, to entertain and to pass on knowledge. The most commonly used puppets are hand puppets, glove and finger puppets, rod puppets, and string & shadow puppets.

v Audio aids: Radio & tape recorder are the most important teaching aids used for teaching & learning.

v Radio: Radio adds variety experiences. It is a powerful medium for mass communication. It also plays a major role in imparting instructions to school children’s through educational broadcast provided on specific days at specific school hours. Talks and classes based on prescribed syllabi of the various objects are given.

v Tape recorder: A tape recorder is used to record sound on magnetic tape which can be reproduced at will as many times as required. It is a very effective aid for classroom instruction. The recorded tapes consisting of lessons handled by eminent teachers on any subjects can be played in class.

SAVITHA,

COMMERCE.