GRAPHICS
Computer Graphics remains one of the most exciting
and rapidly growing computer fields. Computer graphics has now became a common
element in user interfaces, data visualization, television, commercials, motion
pictures and many other applications. Hardware devices and algorithms have been
developed for improving the effectiveness, realism and speed of picture generation
and the current trend in computer graphics is to incorporate more physics
principles into 3D graphics algorithms to better stimulate the complex
interactions between objects and lighting environment.
A graphic is an image or visual representation of
an object. Computer graphics are simply images displayed on a computer screen.
Computer graphics can be either two or three dimensional. Early computers only
supported 2D monochrome graphics, meaning they were black and white or black
and green, depending on the monitor. Computers began to support color images.
First machines only supported 16 or 256 colors, most computers display graphics
in millions of colors.
2D
graphics are two types:
Ø
Raster
Ø
Vector
Raster
graphics are used for digital photos, web graphics, icons and other type of
images. Vector graphics are made up of paths, which may be lines, shapes,
letters or other scalable objects. They are used for creating logos, signs and
other types of drawings.
3D
graphics become popular in the 1990s, in the year 2000, many video games had
begun incorporating 3D graphics, since computers had enough processing power to
support them.
Computer
graphics can be done by utilizing graphics software. These software
applications are used for creating, storing and displaying graphics like
charts, graphs, maps, drawings, animations etc. Animations deals with the
generation, sequencing and display of a set of graphic images meant to create
and effect of visual change or motion. There are different types of graphic
software packages. Some of them are given below:
1. Graphics
editors or photo editors: - It ranges from simple paint software to complex
layer based graphic editing software like GIMP, PHOTOSHOP etc.
2. Presentation
graphic software:-Helps to create graphically rich presentations. Can create
bar chart, pie chart, graphics and other types of images for slide shows and
reports.
3. Analysis
graphic software: - Provides the ability to covert previously analyzed data
such as statistical data into graphic formats like bar chart, line charts, pie
diagram and scattered diagram.
4. Animation
software: -Enables you to chain and sequence a series of images to stimulate
movements. Each image is like a frame in a movie.
5. Computer
aided design software: -This is used mainly for designing. Virtual reality uses
3D graphics to allow users to enter artificial representations of some environment.
Computer
graphics deals with the generation, representation, manipulation and display of
pictures with the aid of a computer. Graphics is an important component of
multimedia because a picture is a powerful way to illustrate information. For example,
in a multimedia application meant for educating small children displaying
photograph of a Horse along with its textual description makes the illustration
much more effective. Without the photograph it will be very difficult to
explain, using only text, how a Horse looks like. Similarly, displaying the
photograph of an employee, along with his or her name, address, sex, age etc.
from a company’s database of employees, makes the employee information much
more effective. Two important applications of graphics are CAD, CAM.
AUDIO EDITING
Audio
editing or sound editing is a process that requires both skill and instinct.
The soundest editing is done digitally using specialized software. The audio
recording and editing devices like magnetic tape and tape recorders were first
invented in the late 1940’s. Editing audio digitally offers a multitude of
possibilities for manipulating sound. Editing is a skill and improves with
practice. The editing process was slowing tedious and sometimes unstable in the
past.
Audio
editor is software, which is used to edit audio files in the computer. Audio
sections can be deleted, mixed. Speed and tempo of the material can be
modified. Most audio editors provide support for a variety of audio formats.
Features
of audio editors:
vIt
includes sound editing functions such as cut, copy, paste, delete, insert,
silence, audio trim and more of sounds.
vRecord
audio from one or more inputs and store recordings in the computer’s memory as
digital audio.
vAudio
effects include amplify, normalize, equalizer, envelope, reverb, echo, reverse
and many more are part of audio editors.
vIntegrated
VST plug-in support gives professionals access to thousands of additional tools
and effects.
vAudio
editors supports almost all audio and music file formats including MP3 , WAV,
GSM, WMA, AU, AIF, FLAC, REAL AUDIO, OGG, AAC, M4A, MID, AMR and many more.
vBatch
processing allows applying effects and /or converting thousands of files as
single function.
vScrub,
search and bookmark audio for precise editing is available with audio editors.
vCreate
bookmarks and regions to easily find, recall, and assemble segments of long
audio files.
AUDACITY
Audacity
is a free, easy- to- use, multitrack audio. Audacity is open, cross-platform
software for recording and editing sounds. Audacity is available for Windows
Mac, GNU/ Linux and other operating systems. We can use audacity to,
vRecord
live audio.
vRecord
computer playback.
vConvert
tapes and records.
vEdit
WAV, AIFF, FLAC, and MP2, MP3 or OGG VORBIS sound files.
vAC3,
M4A/M4R (AAC), WMA and other formats.
It is
developed by group of volunteers and distributed under the GNU General Public
License (GPL). Their source code is available for anyone to study or use.
Audacity
also used for:
vCut,
copy, splice or mix sounds together.
vNumerous
effects including change the speed.
Free
software is not just free of cost. It is free as in freedom. Open HUB (formerly
known as “ohloh”) has statistics on the value of audacity development. The
features of audacity in detailed:
1. Record
features
Audacity can record live audio
through a microphone or mixer, or digitize recordings from cassette tapes,
records or mini disks. Audacity can also capture streaming audio.
·
Multiple input and output devices.
·
Timer record and sound activated recording
features.
·
Dub over exciting tracks to create multi- track
recordings.
·
Record multiple channels at once subject to
hardware features.
2. Import
or export features
Import sound files, edit them and combine them with
other files or new recordings can be done using audacity.
·
Import and export WAV, AIFF, AU and FLAC and files.
·
Import MPEG audio including MP2 and MP3 files.
·
Import raw (header less) audio files using the
import raw comment.
·
Create WAV or AIFF files suitable for burning to
audio CD.
·
Export MP3 files with the optional LAME encoder
library.
3.
Editing features
Audacity has a good editing
interface for easy editing.
·
Easy editing with cut, copy, paste and delete.
·
Edit and mix large numbers of tracks.
·
Multiple clips are allowed per track.
·
Draw tool to alter individual sample points.
·
Envelope tool to fade the volume up or down
smoothly.
·
Automatic crash recovery in the event of abnormal
programme termination.
4.
Effects
The sound effect features linked
in audacity includes:
·
Change the pitch without altering the tempo or vice
versa.
·
Remove vocals from suitable stereo tracks.
·
Other built – in effects: echo, paulstretch,
phaser, reverb, reverse, truncate silence etc.
·
Run chains of effects on a project or multiple
files in batch processing mode.
5.
Accessibility feature and sound quality.
The accessibility and sound
quality features associated with audacity include:
·
Tracks and selections can be fully manipulated
using the keyboard.
·
Large range of keyboard shortcuts.
·
Excellent support for JAWS, NVDA and other screen
readers on Windows, and for voiceovers on Mac.
·
Tracks with different sample rates or formats are
converted automatically in real time.
SARANYA.V.S
MATHEMATICS
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